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Gurage people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gurage
Total population
1,867,350 (2007)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Ethiopia
Languages
Gurage languages
Religion
Islam, Christianity, traditional faith[2][3]
Related ethnic groups

Gurage (/ɡʊəˈrɑːɡeɪ/,[5] Gurage: ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group inhabiting Ethiopia.[2] They inhabit the Gurage Zone and East Gurage Zone, a fertile, semi-mountainous region in Central Ethiopia Regional State, about 125 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa, bordering the Awash River in the north, the Gibe River, a tributary of the Omo River, to the southwest, and Hora-Dambal in the east.

According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census, the Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in Addis Ababa, Oromia Region, Harari Region and Dire Dawa.[6]

History

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A map of the geographic distribution of the different subgroups of the Gurage

According to the linguist Marcel Cohen, the Gurage are likely the descendants of a very isolated group of ancient Semitic-speaking South Arabian settlers who established themselves around the Lake Zway region and mixed with the indigenous peoples. However other historians have raised the complexity of seeing Gurage peoples as a singular group. For example, Ulrich Braukhamper states that the eastern Gurage (Siltʼe, Wolane, Kebena) were probably an extension of the Harla and they often cite kinship with Hararis. Oral traditions also states that Emperor Amda Seyon established a military colony in northern Gurage (Aymellel) of soldiers from Akele Guzai led by Azmach Sebhat. Thus, historically, the Gurage peoples may be the product of a complex mixture of Abyssinian and Harla groups.[7][8]

The Gurage first appear in the Royal Chronicle of Emperor Amda Seyon I where it claims that Sabr ad-Din I appointed a governor for the Alamalé region (i.e. Aymellel, part of the "Guragé country"). Sabr ad-Din appears to have gained some Gurage support, as according to the chronicle his forces included 12 "Geragi" (Gurage) and 3 "Seltogi" (Siltʼe) leaders. By the 15th century the Gurage region had become an established part of the Ethiopian Empire, the Ennemor were recorded during the reign of Emperor Yeshaq I as paying tribute in horses, Emperor Baeda Maryam visited Aymellel where his chronicle claims that he loved the area and planted "all kinds of sweet-smelling plants".[9]

The first explicit mention of the Gurages comes from the Portuguese traveller and priest Francisco Alvares who visited Ethiopia in the 1520s. According to Alvares, the Gurages were a fiercely independent people who resented the Christian Ethiopians, as he claims that they would "let themselves die, or kill themselves, sooner then serve the Christians." The Gurages also had a very bad reputation as being robbers who regularly attacked the royal camp (katama) of Lebna Dengel. This was particularly serious for Behtweded, the Emperor's favorite courtier, who's quarters which situated on the left of the camp and was prone to attacks. Alvares claims that the attacks were so common "they were few days when it was not said: 'Last night the Gorages killed fifteen to twenty people of the people of great Betudede."[10]

The next time the Gurages were mentioned is in the Futuh al-Habasa, the history of the conquests of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Gurage warriors participated in the early battles against the Muslims, but one of the Muslim commanders, Balaw 'Abdu, sneeringly dismissed the participation of the Gurages. He declared the Gurages to be "slaves" and that their "sole occupation in our country is to till the fields, to cut trees and to carry wood; they do not know what a battle is, and have never seen one. We are not afraid of slaves." Despite this, the Imam's men were able to conquer the Gurages with minimal opposition, however the islands of Lake Zway remained under Christian control and preserved many valuable manuscripts during the war. Some elements of the Gurage, such as the Wolane, claim to be descendants of the soldiers of Imam Ahmad al-Ghazi who fled to the Gurage area after their disastrous defeat at Wayna Daga.[11]

Emperor Susenyos I was much involved in the Gurage country. Prior to his coronation as Emperor he marched into the province, where the Christian Gurages asked him to support them against Sidi Mohammed, the Muslim ruler of Hadiya. The chronicler describes the Gurages as a largely Christian people who were "superior in arms" to Oromo and Amhara warriors. The Portuguese Jesuit Manuel de Almeida described them as "heathens and Moors", who did not often obey the Emperor. Their country was situated, he says, on the important trade route between Gojjam and Ennarea, and their warriors included horsemen, as well as men skilled in the use of bows and arrows.[12]

The Gurages typically had very hostile relations with the neighboring Oromos, as the Gurages were often raided for slaves by the Oromos. The traffic of Gurage slaves substantially increased in the mid-19th century. Many Gurages had desperately appealed to Negus Sahle Selassie of Shewa to protect them from Oromo attacks. Karl Wilhelm Isenberg witnessed Gurage slaves begging at the feet of the Negus, attesting that when they go to Shewa they are often nearly naked as Oromos frequently ambush and rob them. In response, Sahle Selassie gifted them new clothes, knowing that the Oromos, fearing his wrath, would not dare rob them again. Despite these incidents, many Oromos also peacefully intermarried with the Gurages, with many of the latter speaking the language of the former and adopting Oromo names. Many Oromos adopted traditional Gurage customs and cultures, this is most present with the Jida and Abado clans of the Tulama branch, as well as the Geto who are mostly indistinguishable from the Gurages customs or tradition.[13][14]

The Gurages were profoundly affected by the Agar Maqnat or the conquests of Menelik II of Shewa. Initially, the Gurages, with the exception of the Soddo Gurage—who submitted to Menelik in 1876 without resistance—fiercely opposed his expansion. From 1874 onward, they fought to defend their independence and lands for 14 years, successfully repelling Menelik's forces in several battles. The most intense and significant of these was the Battle of Aräkit (in Gumär) in 1875 where Hassan Enjamo of Kebena defeated a large Shewan force and a number of Shewan captives were sold to the Wällamo region by the victors. Only about one-third of Menelik's men returned safely. Among those killed in the battle was Aläqa Zänäb, author of the first chronicle of Emperor Tewodros II. It wasn't until 1888 when Gobana Dacche defeated Hassan Enjamo at the Battle of Jebdu Meda were Gurages finally subdued.[15][16][17]

Following their incorporation into the modern Ethiopian state, the repressive neftenya system over their homeland facilitated urban migration initially migrating for labour in Addis Ababa to generate the necessary cash to pay the tributes imposed on them. Throughout the history of Addis Ababa, the Gurage have been both the city's main labor force and the driving force behind Addis Mercato. By the early 20th century, Gurage had become synonymous with porters, as people would call for laborers by shouting the name "Gurage". Until the 1950s, most urban Gurage worked in manual labor, petty trade, or as shopkeepers for foreign traders (Yemeni Arabs, Armenians, Greeks, and Indians), who then dominated Ethiopia's economy. However, between the 1950s and 1970s, they successfully outcompeted foreign entrepreneurs, effectively dominating Ethiopia's emerging capitalist economy. Today, their strong work ethic and entrepreneurial success remain integral to Ethiopia’s economic and social fabric, with "Gurageness" often associated with business acumen in public discourse.[18] The writer Nega Mezlekia notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders".[19] One example of an enterprising Gurage is Tekke, who Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian Horatio Alger, Jr.": "He began his career selling old bottles and tin cans; the Emperor Haile Selassie rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him."[20]

Language

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A visual diagram of the distributions of Ethio-Semitic languages

The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the Ethiopian Semitic languages within the Semitic family of the Afroasiatic language family. They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western.

Gurage languages include Sebat Bet, consisting of the dialects Inor, Ezha, Muher, Geta, Gumer, Endegegn, Chaha, and also Soddo, Masqan, Zay. Like other Ethiopian Semitic languages, the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic Cushitic languages. Gurage is written left to right using a system based on the Geʽez script.[21]

According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e, 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage, 3.93% spoke Amharic, 2.16% spoke Libido, and 1.93% spoke Kebena; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 29.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 15.9% were Protestants, and 1.95% Catholic.[22] According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people.[23][24] The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone.

Agriculture

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A Gurage boy ploughing in Gurage Zone

The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of crop rotation and transplanting. Ensete is the main staple food, Teff and other cash crops are grown, which include coffee and khat which used as traditional stimulants. Animal husbandry is practiced, mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, roasted grains, meat and others.

The principal crop of the Gurage is ensete (also enset, Ensete edulis, äsät or "false banana plant"). This has a massive stem that grows underground and is involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. For example, the ritual uses of ensete include wrapping a corpse after death with the fronds and tying off the umbilical cord after birth with an ensete fiber. Practical uses include wrapping goods and fireproofing thatch.[25] Ensete is also exchanged as part of a variety of social interactions, and used as a recompense for services rendered.[26]

Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the Ensete Culture Complex area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which is nutritional.[25]

Ensete can be prepared in a variety of ways. A typical Gurage diet consists primarily of kocho, a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten when an animal is sacrificed during a ritual or ceremonial event.[25] The Gurage pound the root of the ensete to extract the edible substance, then place it in deep pits between the rows of ensete plants in the field. It ferments in the pit, which makes it more palatable. It can be stored for up to several years in this fashion, and the Gurage typically retain large surpluses of ensete as a protection against famine.[26]

In addition to ensete, cash crops are maintained (notably coffee and khat) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant teff and eat injera (which the Gurage also call injera).[27]

The Gurage raise zebu. These cattle are primarily kept for their butter, and a typical Gurage household has a large quantity of spiced butter aging in clay pots hung from the walls of their huts. Butter is believed to be medicinal, and the Gurage often take it internally or use it a lotion or poultice. A Gurage proverb states that "A sickness that has the upper hand over butter is destined for death." Different species of ensete are also eaten to alleviate illness.[28]

The Gurage regard overeating as coarse and vulgar, and regard it as poor etiquette to eat all of the ensete that a host passes around to guests. It is considered polite to leave at least some ensete bread even after a very small portion is passed around.[29]

Notable Gurages

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Notes

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  1. ^ Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. "Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"
  3. ^ Lebel, Phillip. 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration".
  4. ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
  5. ^ "Gurage". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  6. ^ Table 3.1 on 2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data Archived 2016-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia. LITverlag. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  8. ^ Shack, William. The Gurage: A People of the Ensete Culture. 23.
  9. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780932415196.
  10. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780932415196.
  11. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780932415196.
  12. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 331. ISBN 9780932415196.
  13. ^ Cornwallis Harris ·, William (1844). The Highlands of Aethiopia. p. 312.
  14. ^ Zewde, Bahru. The Aymallal Gurage in the 19th century: a political history. p. 60.
  15. ^ "Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia" (PDF).
  16. ^ Zewde, Bahru. The Aymallal Gurage in the 19th century: a political history.
  17. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. p. 932.
  18. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. p. 932.
  19. ^ Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 227.
  20. ^ Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", National Geographic, 127 (1965), p. 582.
  21. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. p. 932.
  22. ^ Statistical Report (Report). CSA. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  23. ^ Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 6 April 2006)
  24. ^ Statistical report Part 1csa.gov.et Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b c Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p117.
  26. ^ a b Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p121.
  27. ^ Girma A. Demeke; Ronny Meyer (14 June 2011). "Contact-induced language change in selected Ethiopian Semitic Languages" (PDF). Centre français des études éthiopiennes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  28. ^ Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. Shack Source: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43
  29. ^ Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. ShackSource: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43

References

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  • Lebel, Phillip, 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration," Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 12 (2): pp. 95–106.
  • G. W. E. Huntingford, 1966. Review article, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 29, pp 667–667 doi:10.1017/S0041977X00073857
  • Shack, William, 1966: The Guraghe. A People of the Ensete Culture, London – New York – Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
  • Shack, William,1997: "Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in Food and Culture: A Reader (pp. 125–137). Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. New York: Routledge.
  • Worku Nida 2005: "Guraghe ethno-historical survey". In: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. 2: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 929–935.
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